Spruce bark beetles don’t just tolerate their host tree’s chemical defenses—they actively reshape them into stronger ...

This is because the beetle can break down the plant-derived compounds (phenolic glucosides) via a water-mediated process ...

Stan Boutin has climbed more than 5,000 spruce trees in the last 30 years. He has often returned to the forest floor knowing if a ball of twigs and moss within the tree contained newborn red squirrel ...