Today, the universe as we know it is governed by four fundamental forces: the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, electromagnetism, and gravity. However, these four forces aren’t exactly as ...

Researchers have discovered that molecules experience non-reciprocal interactions without external forces. Fundamental forces such as gravity and electromagnetism are reciprocal, where two objects are ...

Knowing interaction forces between nanostructures and their substrates is important in nanomanufacturing, such as template-directed assembly. A new mechanical membrane-based AFM (atomic force ...

Nanonewtons play a crucial role in nanotechnology due to the extremely small forces involved in nanoscale interactions. Understanding and measuring these forces is essential for various applications, ...